筛选快速、有效、准确率较高的测定辣椒花粉生活力的化学染色方法，判断花粉生活力最佳时期，为有效提高杂交授粉效率及辣椒坐果率提供参考。选择C123、Y32、C131、C125等4份辣椒自交系材料，分别采用醋酸洋红染色法、I2-IK染色法和亚历山大染色法测定辣椒花粉生活力，同时检测未开花大花苞、已开花未散粉的花朵、已开花散粉的花朵3种不同形态花朵的花粉生活力。结果表明，醋酸洋红染色法检测辣椒花粉平均生活力为91.71%，I2-IK染色法检测辣椒花粉平均生活力为50.20%，亚历山大染色法检测辣椒花粉平均生活力为81.33%，醋酸洋红染色法和I2-IK染色法只能从颜色或形态单一角度选择有生活力的花粉，检测结果偏高或偏低，而亚历山大染色法可以从颜色和形态上双重选择，有效减少选择误差。对3种花朵形态下的花粉生活力测定结果显示，辣椒花粉活力从高到低依次为已开花未散粉的花朵、已开花散粉的花朵、未开花大花苞，选择合适的花形态进行辣椒授粉，可有效提高辣椒坐果率。

To identify a rapid, effective, and highly accurate chemical staining method for measuring pollen viability in chili pepper, and to determine the optimal period for pollen viability assessment, thereby providing a reference for improving hybrid pollination efficiency and fruit set rate in chili pepper, 4 chili pepper inbred lines, C123, Y32, C131, and C125, were selected. Pollen viability was evaluated using the acetocarmine staining method, I2-IK staining method, and Alexander staining method. Meanwhile, pollen viability was also assessed from 3 floral developmental stages: large flower buds before anthesis, flowers at anthesis without pollen dispersal, and flowers at anthesis with pollen dispersal. Results showed that the average pollen viabilities detected by the acetocarmine method, the I2-IK method, and the Alexander method were 91.71%, 50.20%, and 81.33%, respectively. The acetocarmine and I2-IK methods identified viable pollen based only on a single criterion, color or morphology, often resulting in overestimation or underestimation of viability. In contrast, the Alexander method evaluated both color and morphology, effectively reducing selection bias. Pollen viability across the 3 flower types ranked from highest to lowest as: flowers at anthesis without pollen dispersal, flowers at anthesis with pollen dispersal, and large buds before anthesis. Selecting flowers at the appropriate developmental stage for pollination can significantly improve the fruit set rate in chili pepper.

S641.3

国家自然科学基金(32460761)；甘肃省重点人才项目(2025RCXM047)。