为选育适宜于机械化采收的早熟、优质、抗病棉花新品种，解决甘肃河西走廊棉区棉花生产中早熟、优质、高产难以兼容的问题。甘肃省农业科学院作物研究所以FU(代号)为母本、陇棉3号为父本，通过杂交回交结合分子标记辅助选育出棉花新品种陇棉16号。在2021 — 2022年甘肃省棉花新品种区域试验中，陇棉16号2 a 籽棉平均折合产量5 647.2 kg/hm2，较对照品种酒棉10号增产3.5%；皮棉平均折合产量达2 274.0 kg/hm2，较对照品种酒棉10号增产6.8%。2023年甘肃省棉花新品种生产试验中，陇棉16号籽棉平均折合产量5 180.1 kg/hm2，较对照品种酒棉10号增产4.4%；皮棉平均折合产量2 121.9 kg/hm2，较对照品种酒棉10号增产7.8%。该品种为早熟类型，生育期不足120 d(≥10 ℃活动积温3 600 ℃左右)。植株呈筒形，株高72.8 cm，株型紧凑。结铃性能良好，单株结铃7.8个，单铃重5.7 g，衣分达40.1%。纤维品质指标突出，纤维长度31.3 mm，比强度32.9 cN/tex，马克隆值4.4，纤维整齐度86.6%，达到优质棉标准。抗病性强，高抗枯萎病，抗黄萎病。适宜在甘肃河西走廊棉区敦煌、瓜州等地及生态条件相似区域推广种植，具有广阔的应用前景。

To breed an early-maturing, high-quality, and disease-resistant cotton variety suitable for mechanical harvesting and to address the incompatibility among early maturity, high quality, and high yield in cotton production in the Hexi Corridor cotton-growing region of Gansu, the Crop Research Institute of the Gansu Academy of Agricultural Sciences developed the new variety Longmian 16 by using FU(code name) as the female parent and Longmian 3 as the male parent through hybridization and backcross combined with marker-assisted selection. In the 2021 to 2022 Gansu provincial cotton regional experiment, the 2-year average lint-seed cotton yield of Longmian 16 was 5 647.2 kg/ha, 3.5% higher than the control variety Jiumian 10, the average lint yield reached 2 274.0 kg/ha, 6.8% higher than the control. In the 2023 provincial production experiment, the average lint-seed cotton yield was 5 180.1 kg/ha, 4.4% higher than the control, and the average lint yield was 2 121.9 kg/ha, 7.8% higher than the control. This variety is early-maturing, with a growth period of less than 120 days (≥10 ℃ accumulated temperature of about 3 600 ℃). Plants are cylindrical, with moderate height and compact architecture. It has good boll-setting performance, with an average of 7.8 bolls per plant, a single boll weight of 5.7 g, and a lint percentage of 40.1%. Fiber quality is excellent, with a length of 31.3 mm, a strength of 32.9 cN/tex, a micronaire value of 4.4, and a uniformity index of 86.6%, meeting the premium cotton standard. It has strong disease resistance, showing high resistance to Fusarium wilt and resistance to Verticillium wilt. It is suitable for promotion in Dunhuang, Guazhou, and similar ecological areas in the Hexi Corridor cotton-growing region of Gansu, with broad application prospects.

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农业农村部农业生物育种项目(2023ZD0404103)；国家棉花产业技术体系(CARS-15-47)。